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When capturing information for insertion into a database, or use in other processing, it's important to control what the user can enter. Otherwise you can end up with values in the database that have no relation to reality.

Checking for valid format

In this example, the date fields will only accept input that matches the pattern 'dd/mm/yyyy' (this could just as easily be changed to 'yyyy-mm-dd' or 'mm/dd/yyyy'). The time field will allow input starting with 'hh:mm' following by an optional 'am' or 'pm'. The fields can also be empty.

The code behind the form is as follows:

  function checkForm(form)
  {
    // regular expression to match required date format
    re = /^\d{1,2}\/\d{1,2}\/\d{4}$/;

    if(form.startdate.value != '' && !form.startdate.value.match(re)) {
      alert("Invalid date format: " + form.startdate.value);
      form.startdate.focus();
      return false;
    }
    if(form.enddate.value != '' && !form.enddate.value.match(re)) {
      alert("Invalid date format: " + form.enddate.value);
      form.enddate.focus();
      return false;
    }

    // regular expression to match required time format
    re = /^\d{1,2}:\d{2}([ap]m)?$/;

    if(form.starttime.value != '' && !form.starttime.value.match(re)) {
      alert("Invalid time format: " + form.starttime.value);
      form.starttime.focus();
      return false;
    }

    alert("All input fields have been validated!");
    return true;
  }

For each field in the form (first the dates, then the time field), a check is made as to whether the input is blank. If not, the input is compared to the regular expression. The expressions use a pre-defined class \d which represents any numeric character (0-9).

If you wanted to be really finicky the regular expression to match a date could also be written as:

re = /^[0-3]?[0-9]\/[01]?[0-9]\/[12][90][0-9][0-9]$/

If the input doesn't match the regular expression then an error message is presented, the routine stops the form from submitting by returning a false value and the focus is moved to the relevant form field.

If all tests are passed, then a value of true is returned which enables the form to be submitted.

Note: The routine does not check that the date or time input is valid, just that it matches the required format.

Checking for valid input values

Once you're in control of the input format, it's a lot easier to check that the values are actually valid. The function has been improved now so that the day, month and year values are checked to ensure that they're in the right ball-bark (ie. 1-31 for the day and 1-12 for the month). Also the year must be between 1902 and the current year.

The year limitation would be used if you were asking for a date of birth or date of some recent event. If you're setting up a calendar of future events you would check that the year is the current year or greater.

The code behind the form now is as follows:

  function checkForm(form)
  {
    // regular expression to match required date format
    re = /^(\d{1,2})\/(\d{1,2})\/(\d{4})$/;

    if(form.startdate.value != '') {
      if(regs = form.startdate.value.match(re)) {
        if(regs[1] < 1 || regs[1] > 31) {
          alert("Invalid value for day: " + regs[1]);
          form.startdate.focus();
          return false;
        }
        if(regs[2] < 1 || regs[2] > 12) {
          alert("Invalid value for month: " + regs[2]);
          form.startdate.focus();
          return false;
        }
        if(regs[3] < 1902 || regs[3] > (new Date()).getFullYear()) {
          alert("Invalid value for year: " + regs[3] + " - must be between 1902 and " + (new Date()).getFullYear());
          form.startdate.focus();
          return false;
        }
      } else {
        alert("Invalid date format: " + form.startdate.value);
        form.startdate.focus();
        return false;
      }
    }

    if(form.enddate.value != '') {
      if(regs = form.enddate.value.match(re)) {
        if(regs[1] < 1 || regs[1] > 31) {
          alert("Invalid value for day: " + regs[1]);
          form.enddate.focus();
          return false;
        }
        if(regs[2] < 1 || regs[2] > 12) {
          alert("Invalid value for month: " + regs[2]);
          form.enddate.focus();
          return false;
        }
        if(regs[3] < 1902 || regs[3] > (new Date()).getFullYear()) {
          alert("Invalid value for year: " + regs[3] + " - must be between 1902 and " + (new Date()).getFullYear());
          form.enddate.focus();
          return false;
        }
      } else {
        alert("Invalid date format: " + form.enddate.value);
        form.enddate.focus();
        return false;
      }
    }

    // regular expression to match required time format
    re = /^(\d{1,2}):(\d{2})([ap]m)?$/;

    if(form.starttime.value != '') {
      if(regs = form.starttime.value.match(re)) {
        if(regs[3]) {
          if(regs[1] < 1 || regs[1] > 12) {
            alert("Invalid value for hours: " + regs[1]);
            form.starttime.focus();
            return false;
          }
        } else {
          if(regs[1] > 23) {
            alert("Invalid value for hours: " + regs[1]);
            form.starttime.focus();
            return false;      
          }
        }
        if(regs[2] > 59) {
          alert("Invalid value for minutes: " + regs[2]);
          form.starttime.focus();
          return false;      
        }
      } else {
        alert("Invalid time format: " + form.starttime.value);
        form.starttime.focus();
        return false;
      }
    }

    alert("All input fields have been validated!");
    return true;
  }

expand code box

If you're not already familiar with regular expressions, then this might be getting a bit complicated. Basically, for each of the regular expression tests, an array is returned holding each component of the pattern that we've matched.

For example, when the date is checked, the return value, regs, is an array with elements 1 through 3 containing the day, month and year components of the input string. For the time check, the array returned includes the hour (pos 1), minutes (pos 2) and, optionally, the am/pm string (pos 3).

Each of these values is then tested against an allowed range (days: 1 - 31; months: 1 - 12; years: 1902 - present; ...).

Note: This still doesn't confirm that the date is valid. To do that you need to take into account variation between calendar months and leap-/non leap-years which is beyond the scope of this example. The following article on Form Validation: Credit Cards and Dates addresses this issue a bit better.

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